The sequence of steps in building a house is specified in the contract and must have a sequence of work steps along with payment. When the homeowner hires a contractor to build a house, it is necessary to understand the sequence of steps in home construction in order to be able to check whether the contractor's work is in accordance with the contract or not and to allocate a budget for each work step to prevent the budget from going over.
Starting a house must always start with surveying the area first. Then start the structural and foundation work in order. After that, install the roof, build the walls, and then start the system work. Then start the architectural work, doors, windows, flooring, followed by the built-in interior work and collect the details of the work, clean until ready to hand over the house to the owner.
For the homeowner himself, he should understand the construction steps in order to be able to inspect and control the work initially. In addition, this understanding helps to know the origin and location of various systems, such as the electrical system, water supply, and the location of the sanitation system. In case in the future you want to repair or extend the house, there will be no problems later.
Is the construction work specified in the building construction plan that the architect and engineer are the ones who design and certify the plan, including the list of attached plans, contract attachments, and other related assembly work. The work is done in a step-by-step manner to save costs, reduce work time, and produce good quality work. And completed on time
1. Check the accuracy of the information
2. Preparing the construction area
3. Building plan
4. Pile drilling
5. Foundation work on the lower floor
6. Upper floor structure, roof structure and plumbing structure
7. Roofing and staircase structure
8. Wall construction, installation of wooden door-window frames and preparation of electrical-water systems
9. Plastering and ceiling installation
10. Surface decoration materials, installation of equipment, installation of doors-windows and Build-In
11. Cleaning and checking the neatness in the finishing steps
12. Try living in the actual place
In this first step, when receiving the construction plan from the architect, most employers will immediately forward the plan to the contractor for a quote, believing that the construction plan is ready to be used. Just because the building permit application has been approved by the civil servants of the sub-district or district civil servants does not mean that it is correct and complete for construction. The officers will only check the laws related to construction. Problems that are often encountered include architectural plans conflicting with enlarged or sectional plans. The level of architectural work and system work conflict with each other, causing the contractor to have to make a shop drawing to present to the employer again before starting the next steps.
When receiving the house construction plan from the architect and engineer and signing the contract with the contractor, the contractor will start to enter the work site, prepare the area, specify the placement points and move various equipment into the area, prepare the accommodation for the workers. If there is an old house, it must be demolished first, or if it is an empty land, temporary water and electricity will be requested for use in the construction.
Preparing the construction site includes considering the level of the house floor. The land may need to be filled to adjust the level to be suitable, and then start building the foundation. The filling of the land requires checking the history of flooding to estimate the height of the filling. In general, the soil level of the surrounding area and the road will be checked. Mostly, the land will be filled 50-80 centimeters higher than the road in front of the house and should be higher than the public drainage pipe. The appropriate time for filling the land is during the dry season (December - May) because it is convenient to work and the soil is firm and of good quality. Because if the land is filled during the rainy season, it may cause the soil to flow.
After the area is prepared, the building plan is laid out, which is the determination of the pile positions based on the blueprint. In this step, there will be people involved, such as the homeowner, designer, engineer, and construction company. If obstacles are found at the work site, such as the line of large trees, the line of piles of the original building structure, or the location of neighboring buildings that affect the usable area of the building, etc., the distances can be changed or adjusted to suit the actual area. The contractor will present solutions for the designer to sign and certify in order to proceed with construction.
The steps related to pile work are usually hired by a specialized pile contractor. The designer will survey the work site and determine which type of pile is suitable for each house. After that, the quality of the pile will be inspected to test its strength (Load Test) to test its ability to bear weight according to the standard and not off-center. However, if there is an error or obstacle in driving or drilling the pile, the designer may have to modify the design so that the pile and foundation can bear the specified weight.
Pile used in general houses and buildings today are divided into 3 types according to the nature of production and use, namely:
We will see the use of prestressed concrete piles in the construction of commercial buildings and general houses. Prestressed concrete piles are concrete made from fast-setting cement and have an internal steel frame made from high-strength prestressed steel wire.
Mostly, the type of pile used to bear the weight of a house is an I-shaped pile. The size and length depend on the design engineer. Most commonly, hexagonal or octagonal hollow piles are popular. T-shaped piles are often used for smaller structures or those that bear less weight, such as fence foundations. The construction method is to hammer the pile into the ground with a crane, which is a relatively easy process compared to drilling. It also saves on costs.
I-shaped piles
Square piles
Hollow hexagonal or octagonal piles
T-shaped piles
Construction using bored piles is often complicated and must be done on-site, using drilling equipment to dig the ground down to the specified diameter and depth of the pile. Then, reinforcing bars are inserted and concrete is poured in to form the piles. It can be divided into 2 types:
This is a bored pile with a diameter of 35-60 centimeters (mostly 35, 40, 50, 60 centimeters). The drilling depth is approximately 18-23 meters. The drilling method is usually dry process.
This is a bored pile with a diameter of more than 60 centimeters (mostly 80, 100, 120, 150 centimeters). The depth is approximately 25-65 meters. The drilling method is usually wet process, which is different from the dry system. This method requires an additional step of injecting Bentonite Slurry into the very deep drilling hole to create pressure in the drilled hole and to bond the soil surface in the hole to prevent the drilled hole wall from collapsing.
Bored piles do not cause vibrations to neighboring buildings because the process does not involve the hammering of the pile driver used with prestressed concrete piles. In addition, bored piles have the advantage of pile size, which can be made up to a diameter of 200 centimeters because there are no limitations on the size of the pile driver and the weight of the pile itself. In general, the largest size of prestressed concrete piles is only 40 centimeters wide. The last thing is the depth of the pile. Bored piles can be drilled much deeper than the length of prestressed concrete piles.
Therefore, if you want to build a tall building that must bear a lot of weight, it is recommended to use bored piles. In order to prevent vibrations that will be dangerous to neighboring buildings, but in practice, the construction of bored piles is much more complicated than prestressed concrete piles. Therefore, most people choose prestressed concrete piles for building houses because the steps are easier and much cheaper than bored piles.
Centrifugal prestressed round piles or spun piles are piles produced using the process of spinning concrete in a mold that rotates at high speed, making the concrete denser than concrete cast by conventional methods. The centrifugal force results in a hollow round hole in the center. There is a prestressed steel wire frame embedded in the concrete around the area, resulting in high density and strength, able to support a weight of up to 20-40 tons per pile. This type of pile driving can be done in many ways, both by driving with a normal crane and by driving with a drilling system.
Spun piles are available in many sizes. The most common ones are 20-100 centimeters in diameter, with a concrete thickness of 6-14 centimeters and a length of 6-18 meters, depending on the manufacturer. Increasing the length can be done by connecting the piles together. The hollowness in the spun pile reduces vibration when driving. And if you want to use a very long pile, using a spun pile can help reduce soil pressure during driving by pushing the soil up through the hollow of the pile. Of course, this method will not affect neighboring buildings much.
The advantages of this type of pile are that it is clean, not too messy, not messy, not loud, does not require many workers, and can be driven close to the wall or house. Or often used in small areas Where the pile driver or the bored pile legs cannot be set up
After cutting the pile head, the main contractor will start the foundation structure, which consists of the foundation and piers. Then, the first floor structure, which consists of the ground beam, columns, beams and lower floor, may be selected as a cast-in-place floor (bathroom floor) together with precast concrete.
If the structure is reinforced concrete, the size and compressive strength should be as calculated by the engineer. It takes about 14-28 days to cure the concrete and remove the support mold, depending on the type of work and the type of cement, to create a strong structure ready to support the weight of other structures. However, if the house is built with a steel structure, start by welding the steel parts in each section, such as the columns, beams, joists, etc.
This step includes digging the ground to install the plumbing system, such as the sewage system, water pipes, and manholes. The homeowner must understand and record the location of the system distance in case there is a need to improve or extend in the future.
The second floor structure is done in the same way as the lower structure. The contractor will build the pillars, beams, and eaves (roof structure components) and may have casting work for decorative parts such as cornices, awnings, and cement edges. Each structure requires the same concrete curing period as the lower structure. In addition, the roof structure, which comes in many types, such as wooden roof structures, steel roof structures, or prefabricated roof structures, will begin.
The plumbing and sanitation system will be the installation of wastewater treatment tanks, underground water tanks, and wastewater pipes, which will be installed during this period to prepare for the pipes to be installed into the house.
When the main structure is complete, the installation of roofing materials will begin to provide shade inside the house and reduce obstacles from wind and weather during the work. During this period, the reinforced concrete staircase structure or steel staircase will begin to be cast. In addition, other structural work will be completed before starting the wall construction and installation of surface materials.
When the roof is complete, the next step is to build the walls and cast the N-beams and N-beams. At this stage, it depends on the type of wall each house chooses, such as brick walls or lightweight walls. Wall construction will be done in conjunction with the installation of various system works. Embedded in the wall, both electrical and plumbing systems, including installing door frames and doors according to the positions specified in the construction plan
Plastering is the application of plastering materials on the wall in layers. The number of layers depends on the type and strength of the wall to be plastered. In plastering brick walls, buttons, seams, or chicken wire may be stretched to plaster the wall smoothly. As for lightweight walls, the joints between the wall panels must be plastered smoothly before covering the surface. This step requires the expertise of the technician for a neat and detailed job. The wall must be plumb and perpendicular in every area. Two-layer plastering is the first base coat, followed by the second brown coat, followed by the finishing coat.
The materials used for plastering are a mixture of various materials mixed together into a single substance. They are thick, liquid, and viscous. They are applied to walls or ceilings and left to dry and harden. The plaster material commonly used in many countries is gypsum plaster. Which is made from mixing gypsum powder with water, fine sand or fine lightweight materials, lubricants and hardening agents. Gypsum plaster is a durable, relatively lightweight and fire-resistant material. It can be used on all types of walls or ceilings that are not exposed to moisture or wet. As for general plaster, which is made from mixing Portland cement, in some countries it is known as Stasco plaster. It is popularly used for exterior plastering that must be exposed to water or wet.
For the ceiling, the height will be determined according to the model both inside and outside the house. The ceiling frame is installed and covered with ceiling materials such as gypsum board, fiber cement board. During this step, the electrical system, lamps and service channels will be installed simultaneously.
This is a step that is directly related to the beauty of the house. It requires more meticulousness from the craftsman than other steps. This step consists of
Wall and floor decoration materials
The selection of materials is determined by the designer or architect. It comes from the homeowner's preferences. There may be wall surface materials such as paint, skim coat, ceramic tiles, wallpaper, etc. As for floor materials, such as polished stone, washed gravel/washed sand Ceramic tiles, parquet, laminate, etc.
Lighting system and lamp installation
The installation of lighting and bulbs will start after the ceiling, lamps and system installation are complete. During this period, the technician will connect the electrical wires to the light switches, plugs and wiring for the air conditioner.
Install wooden door and window panels, vinyl/aluminum door and window sets
Install doors, glass panels, and windows into previously installed wooden frames, including installing vinyl or aluminum door and window sets into walls with gaps. The surrounding wall edges must be smooth and even, and vertically perpendicular to allow the door and window sets to fit properly, reducing the risk of future leaks. In the case of using materials made of wood, it should be hardwood because it is stronger and has a longer service life.
Built-in work
A type of interior decoration that is designed to fit the lifestyle as much as possible. It is created specifically for installation in that area and cannot be moved anywhere. Including wardrobes, shelves, kitchen counters, etc.
Install materials and equipment, bathroom fixtures and kitchen appliances, various materials and equipment
When installing materials and equipment, they should be covered with plastic to prevent dust, scratches, and paint that may splash and stain, which may cause damage during the finishing process.
Gardens and walkways around the house
This part depends on the homeowner. When to do it can start after the house is finished.
This step is the last step after the technician has finished the details of the work, such as painting, and there will be an inspection of various systems. During this time, the homeowner should come to inspect by themselves. If any errors are found, the technician should be notified to fix them before handing over the work. Then start cleaning. You may hire a cleaning company to come after the construction. Then hand over the work to the homeowner to move furniture into the residence.
Last but not least, some problems do not occur immediately. It may take months or years before they occur. Therefore, it is necessary for the owner to remember and understand the basics of the positions of the various systems in our home so that they can be fixed correctly if problems are found.
From the initial construction steps, the sequence mentioned may change or overlap in each project. There may be more additions or subdivisions depending on many factors that occur and the nature of the project. The homeowner should thoroughly check and understand the contract before starting the construction work, including controlling the standards to be as specified in the document to certify the quality of construction. What do you need to know if you want a house with standards? >>
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